B Pharmacy First Semester Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Notes Welcome to the first semester of B Pharmacy! Our “Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry Notes” are here to help you get started with your studies. These notes cover all the important topics you’ll need to know, from the basics to more advanced. Click on the links for each unit … Read more
Buffered isotonic solutions Tonicity is a measure of effective osmolarity or osmolality in biological cell. The solutions having same osmotic pressure is known as isotonic solutions. Pharmaceutical solutions pass through delicate membranes of body; hence their osmotic pressure is to be adjusted with body fluids. Isotonic solutions cause no swelling or contraction of tissues when … Read more
Introduction Poisons are substances that, when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed, can cause harm to the body. They may be accidental, occupational, suicidal, or criminal in nature. Common causes of poisoning include heavy metals, drug overdose, and exposure to toxic chemicals. Notable types include heavy metal poisoning, cyanide poisoning, and snake venom. Antidotes are substances that … Read more
Haematinics Haematinics are essential nutrients required by the bone marrow for blood cell formation (haematopoiesis). These nutrients play a crucial role in maintaining healthy red blood cells. Haematinics are used in treatment of various types of anaemia. The main haematinics include iron, folic acid, and vitamin B12. Additionally, substances like copper and pyridoxine are required … Read more
Expectorants Expectorants are medications or natural ingredients that help clear mucus from a person’s airways. They can be used for coughs that produce mucus, such as the common cold or flu. Expectorants aim to make coughing up mucus easier. They do not actually stop coughing. A productive cough should not be suppressed because it helps … Read more
Emetics Emetics are agents that induce nausea and vomiting. They are used primarily for the emergency treatment of poisoning caused by certain toxins that have been ingested. Emetics work by stimulating the body’s natural response to expel harmful substances through vomiting. The use of emetics is limited to the treatment of poisoning with certain toxins that have … Read more
Astringents Astringents are chemical compounds that tend to shrink or constrict body tissues and form a protective layer on the surface. Due to their protein action, astringents reduce cell permeability, leading to decreased local edema, exudation, and inflammation. The word “astringent” derives from Latin adstringere, meaning “to bind fast.” These substances are usually applied topically … Read more
Introduction Antimicrobial is an agent which kills microorganisms (microbicide) or stops their growth (bacteriostatic agent). Use of antimicrobials is a common practice for at least 2000 years. Ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks used specific molds and plant extracts to treat infection. Antimicrobial is a broad terminology describing activity against microbes. There are various specific terminologies … Read more
Radiopharmaceuticals Radiopharmaceuticals are a group of pharmaceutical drugs containing radioactive isotopes. These compounds serve both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Radiopharmaceuticals emit radiation themselves. Radiopharmacology is the specialized branch of pharmacology that deals with these agents. The primary group of radiopharmaceuticals includes radiotracers, which are used to diagnose tissue dysfunction. Radiopharmaceuticals are administered to patients via … Read more
Introduction Dental products typically include a variety of oral care items designed to promote dental hygiene and solves common oral health issues. Dental hygiene is also important. Clean teeth helps good health and a clean teeth cannot decay but practically it is impossible to keep ones teeth continuously clean all the years. Various factors contribute … Read more