Cathartics Cathartics are substances which promote bowl movement and help relieve constipation. They work by increasing the movement of the intestines or by softening the stool, making it easier to pass. They often used for short term relief of constipation or to prepare for certain medical procedures. In normal habits, peristalsis lead to defecation. Peristaltic … Read more
Introduction Electrolyte replacement therapy is a fundamental aspect of medical treatment, aiming to correct imbalances in essential ions within the body. It involves replenishing specific electrolytes to restore health and maintain homeostasis. Under the normal physiological conditions body mechanisms adjusts the electrolyte balance and no replacement is necessary. However, due to certain conditions (like pathological … Read more
Introduction Electrolytes plays an important role in maintaining physiological balance, regulating fluid balance, nerve signalling and muscle contraction in the human body. Understanding the intracellular and extracellular fluid is fundamental for maintaining overall health and preventing electrolyte imbalances which can lead to serious medical complications. In this article we will see major intracellular and extracellular … Read more
Antacids Antacids are substances that neutralize stomach acidity, providing relief from symptoms like heartburn and indigestion. They work by chemically counteracting excess acid produced by the stomach. Commonly taken orally, antacids are used for conditions such as ulcers, acid reflux, and occasional indigestion. While generally safe, they do not address underlying causes. Use of antacids … Read more
Introduction Gastrointestinal agents are the medications or substances used to treat gastrointestinal disorder. They include acidifying agents, antacids, antiemetics, laxatives, antidiarrheal and drugs for gastrointestinal motility disorders. These agents are used to treat certain conditions like achlorhydria, acidity, ulcers, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation and certain other gastrointestinal issues. In this article we will see acidifying … Read more
Buffer solution A buffer solution is a solution that resist the changes in pH values. It consists of a mixture of weak acid and its salt or a weak base and its salt. This solution is able to neutralize the effect of small amount of acid or alkali added to solution. Buffer solutions are prepared … Read more
Limit test for Heavy Metals Principle Limit test of heavy metals is based on the reaction of metallic impurities with hydrogen sulfide in acidic medium to form brownish color solution. Metals that response to this test are lead, mercury, bismuth, arsenic, antimony, tin, cadmium, silver, copper, and molybdenum. The metallic impurities in substances are expressed … Read more
Introduction Limit tests are the category of impurity testing in which solution of an unknown sample is compared to a standard solution. Limit test is defined as the quantitative or semi quantitative test designed to identify and control small quantities of impurity which is likely to be present in the substance. In these tests the … Read more
Introduction Acids and bases play crucial role in the study of inorganic chemistry. Study of acids and bases helps to understand various chemical reactions and processes. Acids are the substance that donate protons (hydrogen ions) in chemical reactions. Usually, they are sour in taste. Some examples of acids are sulfuric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, … Read more
Impurities Impurities in pharmaceutical substances are the unwanted chemical substances in the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or developed during formulation or upon ageing of both API and formulation. In simple words, any component that is not a formulation ingredient is known as impurity. The presence of these impurities affects the safety and efficacy of the … Read more