Carbonyl Compounds A carbonyl compound is a molecule that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O). It’s like the dynamic duo of organic chemistry, showing up in various compounds. These compounds play a starring role in the organic world, and their primary members include aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. Carbonyl compounds … Read more
Introduction A carbonyl compound is a molecule containing functional group that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (C=O). It’s like the dynamic duo of organic chemistry, showing up in various compounds. These compounds play a starring role in the organic world, and their primary members include aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids. … Read more
Alcohols Alcohols are a group of organic compounds that contain at least one hydroxyl (−OH) functional group bound to a carbon atom. The general formula for alcohols is R–OH, where R represents an alkyl group (a chain of carbon atoms) or a substituted alkyl group. In simpler terms, alcohols are derived from alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons) … Read more
Introduction Nucleophilic substitution occurs when the nucleophile replaces a functional group in another molecule (the electrophile). It’s like a graceful waltz where partners swap places. The term “nucleophile” literally means “nucleus-loving.” These electron-rich species seek out positively charged or electron-poor partners to bond with. The nucleophile approaches the electrophile, and they exchange a functional group. … Read more
Introduction Conjugated dienes are compounds that contain two adjacent carbon-carbon double bonds. These double bonds are separated by a single carbon atom, which means they’re in a conjugated arrangement. Think of them as the cool kids of the double bond world—they hang out together and share electrons like a tight-knit group. The stabilization of dienes … Read more
Introduction An elimination reactions (E1 and E2 reactions) is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism. The one-step mechanism is known as the E2 reaction, and the two-step mechanism is known as the E1 reaction. The numbers refer not to the … Read more
Alkanes Alkanes are the saturated organic compounds which consist of single bonded carbon and hydrogen atoms. That means all atoms share only one pair of electrons with each other. The general formula for alkanes is CnH2n. Where, n is the number of atoms of carbon in their chemical structure. The simplest alkane is the methane, … Read more
Introduction Organic chemistry deals with the number of hydrocarbons. Some of the major carbohydrates are alkane, alkene and conjugated dienes. These are the fundamental compounds composed only carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes are also known as the saturated hydrocarbons and utilized as fuel. Alkenes contain at least carbon-carbon double bond and used in plastic, agriculture and … Read more
Introduction The structural isomerism arises when each atom of a molecule can be arranged in different order. Isomerism is the phenomenon where two or more compounds have same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties. Isomers are the compounds which have different physical and chemical properties but same molecular formula. Isomerism in organic compounds … Read more
Introduction The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) provides a standardized system for naming chemical compounds. This system ensures clarity, consistency, and international acceptance. Understanding IUPAC nomenclature is essential to study organic chemistry. Organic chemistry serves as the backbone of complex scientific disciplines ranging from medicine to material science. IUPAC forms a set … Read more