Pathophysiology of Endocrine System Diseases The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones, which help control many important body functions. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to tissues and organs, affecting various processes such as growth, metabolism, and mood. Understanding the pathophysiology of endocrine diseases is crucial … Read more
Pathophysiology of Nervous System Diseases The nervous system is a highly intricate network responsible for coordinating and controlling various bodily functions. It comprises the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of nerves extending throughout the body. Understanding the pathophysiology of diseases affecting … Read more
Myocardial infarction (MI) Myocardial infarction (MI) is the irreversible heart injury occurs due to necrosis (cell death) of significant portion of myocardium (generally >1 cm). It is a medical emergency and usually termed as heart attack. If more than 50% of tissues are damaged, heart generally cannot work. If the damage is comparatively less, then … Read more
Angina pectoris (angina) Angina pectoris is a pressure like substernal chest pain occurring due to imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply. Angina pectoris is considered as the primary sign of ischemic heart disease. Myocardial oxygen supply may be restricted due to obstructive atherosclerotic plaque (atherosclerosis), coronary artery spasm or non-coronary problem such as acute … Read more
Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD) Ischemic heart disease is an acute or chronic cardiac disability caused by imbalance between the myocardial oxygen demand and supply of oxygenated blood. The term coronary artery disease is alternatively used for ischemic heart disease. Cardiac function is largely depended on continuous flow of oxygenated blood through the coronary arteries. The … Read more
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) Congestive heart failure is a long-term condition in which heart can not pump blood well enough to provide normal supply to body. Due to reduced cardiac output, body cannot perform its normal metabolic needs. The reduced supply of oxygen and nutrients may lead to inadequate tissue perfusion, vascular, cardiac and pulmonary … Read more
Basic Principles Involved in Wound Healing Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process. Physiology of wound healing involves various phases such as hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and maturation. A wound can occur due to various reasons. In order to understand basic principles involved in wound healing we need to understand layers of the skin first. … Read more
Inflammation Inflammation is the complex defence response triggered due to cell injury and found in vascularized connective tissue. It eliminates the injurious agents and remove the damaged tissue components so that healing can take place. Inflammation leads to accumulation of fluids and leukocytes in extracellular tissues. Inflammation is associated with repair and healing. In this … Read more
Introduction The cell undergoes a variety of changes in response to the injury. Some injuries may lead to the cell death. Injuries stimuli triggers the cellular adaptation process. The principal targets of cell injury are cell membranes, mitochondria, protein synthesis machinery and DNA. Control of the rate of cell death to the rate of cell … Read more